Grammar:-the rules which
changes the forms of words and organize
them to make a correct
sentence is called grammar.
گرامر:- هغه قوانين چې د هغې پواسطه د لغاتونو حالت
تغير کوي اوتنظيميږي،
تر څو يوه صحيح جمله لاسته راشي،
گرامر بلل کيږي.
Language:- is the way of
communication among living beings.
ژبه :- د ژونديو موجوداتو تر منځ د پوهېدلو او پوهولو
طريقې ته ژبه وايي.
Parts of speech د
کلام اجزاوې-
Parts of speech are words that make sentences.
د کلام اجزاوې هغه لغاتونه دي چې د هغې څخه جملې
جوړيږي.
Note: -
They are stated in nine groups.
Noun
|
Pronoun
|
Adjective
|
Verb
|
Adverb
|
Preposition
|
Conjunction
|
Article
|
Interjection
|
|
1. Noun:- is the name that is used for person, place,
thing, animal,
or quality .
١. اسم :- هغه نوم دى چې د
شخص،ځاى،شي،حيوان
او
کيفيت لپاره
استعماليږي.Examples:
Jalal, Samim Khost, Kabul ball, pen
horse, camel
Teacher, doctor answer, question cleanness etc.
2. Pronoun:- is a word that is used instead of noun.
٢.
ضمير:- هغه کلمه ده چې د
اسم په ځاى استعماليږي.Examples:
Ajmal is a student. ( He is a student.)
Khost is a nice province. ( It
is a nice province.
3. Adjective:- is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
٣.
صفت
:- هغه کلمه ده چې اسم يا ضمير تشريح کوي لکه.
The class is small. He is an intelligent student.
نوټ: small صفت دى او class تشريح کوي چې اسم دى.
Intelligent صفت دى او he تشريح کوي چې ضمير دي.
4. Verb:-
is a word that tells what the subject does or what happens to the
subject.
٤. فعل:- هغه کلمه
ده چې دا ښايي چې فاعل څه کوي او يا فاعل ته څه ور پېښيږي
لکه :
He writes his homework.
They
fix our car every
month.
She is cooking the
sauce now.
He is very tired today.
5. Adverb:- is a word that modifies a
verb, an adjective or another
adverb.
٥. قيد:-
هغه کلمه ده چې يو فعل ، صفت او يا بل قيد تشريح
کوي لکه:
Ex:
He goes slowly. قيد دى اودلته
فعل
يعنې
تلل تشريح کوي.
slowly
The pen is very nice. تشريح کوي. nice قيد دى او
دلته صفت يعنېvery
too
قيد دى او quicklyچې
بل قيد دى تشريح کوي. . He speaks too quickly
6. Preposition:- is a
word that shows a relationship between nouns
or pronouns.
٦.حرف اضافه:- هغه کلمه ده چې د
اسمونو او ضميرونو تر منځ ارتباط ښايي.
Ex. In, on, at, under, beside, behind
The
book is under the table. د
کتاب او مېز تر منځ ارتباط ښايي. under
The
ball is on the bed. د
ټوپکي او کټ تر منځ ارتباط ښايي. on
7. Conjunction:- is
a word that joins words, sentences, phrases or clauses.
٧.
حرف
ربط:-
هغه کلمه ده چې لغاتونه، جملې، عبارتونه او فقرې سره تړي لکه:
Book and notebook The pen or the pencil
The car is nice but it
is very small.
8. Article:- is a word that limits
a noun.
٨.
حرف:- هغه کلمه ده چې يو اسم محدودوي لکه :
I need a book. I
need the book.
He
likes an apple. He likes the apple.
9. Interjection:-
is a word which shows strong or sudden feeling such
as
anger, surprise, fear etc.
٨. حرف ندا:- هغه کلمه ده چې
قوي يا ناڅاپي احساس څرګندوي لکه قهر،
حيرانتيا ، وېره يا داسې
نور.
Ex. Wow! oh, haha, hey etc.
Wow!
my tooth is hurting.
Oh! I am wrong.
Haha!
my friend won the game.
Nouns are divided into six major classes.
a)
Common noun
b)
Proper noun
c)
Collective noun
d)
Abstract noun
e)
Concrete noun
f)
Compound noun
a) Common noun:- is the name that is given to improper nouns.
ا)
عام اسم :- د يوه غير مشخص اسم نوم ته عام اسم وايي لکه :
Book, pen,
ball, bicycle, glass,
etc.
 |
نوټ :- عام اسم بغير د جملې د
سر نه په غټو حروفو نه ليکل کيږي.
b) Proper noun:- is the
name that is given to a special person, place
or thing.
ب)
خاص اسم :- هغه نوم دى چې ديوه مشخص شخص ,ځاى
او شي لپاره
استعماليږي لکه : Examples
Ehsan, Samim, Khost,
Kabul, Football
نوټ : دخاص اسم لومړى حرف همېشه په غټو ليکل کيږي.
c) Collective noun: - is the name which
is used for a group or
collection.
ج)
اسم جمع :- هغه نوم دى چې د يوې ډلې يا يوې مجموعې لپاره استعماليږي.
Examples: family,
team, army, group,
committee
d) Abstract noun:- is the
noun that can be neither seen nor touched.
د) اسم معنى :- هغه اسم دى چې نه ليدل کيږي او نه
لمس کيږي.
Examples: honesty, thirst, love,
truth, beauty, fact
e) Concrete noun:- It can be understood
by the senses of seeing,
hearing,
touching, smelling and tasting.
ه) واقعي اسم:- هغه اسم دى چې د ليدلو، اورېدلو،
تماس، بوى او خوند په
حسونو سره پېژندل کيږي.
Examples: flower,
perfume, rose, soup
f) Compound noun:-is the noun that is
made of two or more nouns.
Examples: policeman,
bookcase, bedroom, rainbow.
و)
مرکب اسم:- هغه اسم دى چې د دوو يا زياتو اسمونو څخه جوړ شوى وي.
There are ten kinds of pronoun.
a) Subject pronoun
b) Object
pronoun
c) Possessive
pronoun
d) Reflex
pronoun
e) Demonstrative
pronoun
f) Relative
pronoun
g) Interrogative
pronoun
h) Indefinite
pronoun
i) Intensive
pronoun
j) Reciprocal
pronoun
a) Subject
pronoun:- is the pronoun to which an
action refers.
فاعلي
ضمير:- هغه ضمير دى چې هغې ته عمل راجع
کيږي لکه :-
He, she,
it, I, we, you, they
He is
working very hard.
They speak English well.
b) Object pronoun:-is
the pronoun which receives an action and is
used after verb.
مفعولي ضمير:- هغه ضمير دى چې عمل تر ﻻسه کوي او د فعل نه وروسته
استعماليږي لکه:-
Him, her,
it, me, us, you, them
The teacher gave ________ some
books.
c) Possessive pronoun:-is
the pronoun which shows ownership or
possession. We can’t use
noun after possessive pronouns.
ملکي ضمير:- هغه ضمير دى چې ارتباط او
ملکيت ښايي . دهغې نه وروسته اسم
نه استعماليږي لکه:-
His, her,
its, mine, ours, yours, theirs
The bicycle is ___________.
d)
Reflexive pronoun:-shows that the subject performs an action
and the action refers back to the subject.
انعکاسي ضمير:- دا ښايي چې فاعل يو عمل اجراءکوي
او هغه بېرته فاعل ته راجع
کيږي. لکه:
Himself,
herself, itself, myself, ourselves, yourself, themselves
He bought himself a new bicycle.
She saw herself in the mirror.
e) Demonstrative pronoun:-
is the pronoun that calls attention or
points out at someone
or something.
اشاروي ضمير:- هغه دى چې يو شي ته پام ور
اړوي ياکوم چا يا شي ته اشاره کوي لکه:
This, that
,these, those
C This is my
new bicycle. Look at thatC new bicycle.
f) Relative pronoun:-
is the pronoun which combines two clauses.
ارتباطي ضمير:- هغه دى چې دوې فقرې سره
تړي لکه:
Who, whom, which, that
The student is my friend. He
is standing
The student who is
standing is my friend.
The book is useful. It is full of tenses.
The book that is full of
tenses is useful.
g) Interrogative pronoun:-
is used in question in order to seek
information.
معلوماتي ضمير:- هغه دى چې په سوال کې
استعماليږي ددې لپاره چې معلومات تر
لاسه شي لکه :
Who, what, when, where, why, which, whose, how
Who is
in the class?
Where do
you live?
h) Indefinite pronoun:-
is the pronoun which does not specify a
particular person, place
or thing.
نا
معلوم ضمير:- هغه دى چې کوم خاص شخص، ځاي يا شى نه په ګوته کوي لکه:
Some, several, someone, somewhere, anything, nothing,
nowhere etc
I
like to drink
something.کوم شى ندى په ګوته.
I
want to go
somewhere.کوم ځاي ندى په ګوته.
i) Intensive pronoun:-is
the pronoun which gives a special attention
and emphasis to the subject.
شديد
ضمير:- هغه دى چې فاعل ته يوه خاصه توجه او ټينګار ورکوي لکه:
He himself pushed the car.هغه
په خپله موټر ټېله کړه.
She herself
drove the car. دي پخپله موټر وچلولو.
j)
Reciprocal pronoun:- introduces mutual action or relation
between nouns or
pronouns.
دوه اړخيز ضمير:- هغه
دى چې د اسمونو او ضميرونو په منځ کې دوطرفه عمل يا
ارتباط تشريح
کوي لکه:
Each other, one another,
Fahim and Nesar helped
each other.
Samim and Jalal pushed one
another to the stream.
There are
five common kinds of
adjectives.
a) Descriptive adjective
b) Proper adjective
c) Definite and indefinite adjective
d) Demonstrative adjective
e) Possessive adjective
a) Descriptive
adjective:-
modifies a noun or pronoun.
تشريحي صفت:- هغه دى چې اسم يا ضمير
تشريح کوي لکه:
The bicycle is nice.
Or It is nice .
b) Proper
adjective:-
modifies only proper noun.
خاص صفت: صرف خاص اسم تشريح کوي.
Suliman is from Afghanistan. He is Afghan.
Junaid is from Pakistan. He is Pakistani.
Bob is from America. He is American.
c)
Definite and indefinite adjective:- definite adjective
specifies a particular noun. Example the
Indefinit adjective:-
does not specify a noun. Example a/an
معلوم او نا معلوم صفت:- معلوم صفت هغه
دى چې يو مشخص اسم تشريح کوي او
نامعلوم صفت هغه دى چې
اسم نه مشحص کوي.
Definite adjective. The book / the student is in the
class.
Indefinite adjective. A book / a student is in the class.
d) Demonstrative
adjective:-explains a noun by calling
attention to them.
اشاروي صفت:- هغه دى چې يو اسم
د توجو په جلبولو سره تشريح کوي.
Example : This book is very interesting.
That pen is my friend’s pen.
e) Possessive adjective:-
shows possession and always comes
before noun.
ملکي صفت:- هغه دى چې ملکيت ښايي او همېشه د اسم نه مخکې راځي.
Example : my,
your, his, her, their, our, its
This is my motorcycle. That
is his house.
Their
home is near our home.
Verbs can be fit into three groups.
a) Main
verb
b) Auxiliary verb
c) Linking verb
a)
Main
verb:
is the verb that shows an action.
اصلي فعل:- هغه فعل
دى چې يو عمل ښايي ، لکه –
Ex.
He drives his car to school.
They study the book of tenses.
b)
Auxiliary verb: is the verb used to make tenses, forms
and voices.
کومکي فعل:- هغه فعل
دى چې د زمانې ، حالاتو او غږونو جوړولو لپاره
استعماليږي، لکه-
Ex. I
am going to the stadium.
He was teaching
Afghan English Language Center.
This book was
written two days ago.
Auxiliary verbs are classified into
three classes as bellow.
کومکي افعال په لاندې
درې گروپونو وېشل کيږي.
*
To be verbs such
as ( am, is, are )
*
To do verbs such
as (
do, does )
*
To have verbs such as ( have,
has )
c) Linking verb: is the verb that
shows state of being and is not
usually used in continuous tense without
special cases.
ارتباطي فعل:- هغه فعل دى چې حالت د موجوديت
ښايي او اکثره وخت
په جاري زمانه کې نه
استعماليږي بغير د خاصو حالاتو نه، لکه-
For
example : be, like, need, want, know, look, taste, smell etc.
In
correct: I am liking this car.
Correct: I like this car.
Incorrect: He is
wanting the book.
Correct: He wants
the book.
In correct: The car is looking nice.
Correct : The
car looks nice.
Incorrect: The rose is smelling interesting.
Correct: The rose smells interesting.
Adverbs can be fit into five categories.
a) Adverb
of place
b) Adverb
of time
c) Adverb
of manner
d) Adverb
of frequency
e) Adverb
of degree
a) Adverb of place:-introduces a
place and answers the question
where.
قيد مکان يا ځاى:- يو ځاى تشريح کوي او دwhere سوال ته ځواب وايي لکه:
here, there,
near, down, away etc.
Where is Suliman? He went away.
Where is the book? It is here OR there.
Where are you? I am near
my home.
b) Adverb of time:-introduces
time and answers the question when.
قيد زمان يا وخت:- وخت تشريح کوي او دwhen
سوال ته ځواب وايي لکه:
lately, since, soon , then, yet,
early etc.
When does he come to class? He comes
early to class everyday.
When did he finish his H.W? He finished
it very soon.
When did you eat. I didn’t eat yet.
c) Adverb of manner:-
introduces how something happens and
answers the question how.
قيد سلوک:- دا تشريح کوي چې يو عمل ځنګه پېښيږي او
همېشه دhow سوال ته
ځواب وايي لکه:
Carefully, quickly, slowly,
quietly, foolishly etc.
How does he drive his car? He drives very carefully.
How does he write the H.W. He writes
very beautifully.
d)
Adverb of frequency:- introduces how many times an action
happens and answers the
question how often.
قيد
تکرار يا سرعت:- دا تشريح کوي چې يو عمل څو ځلې پېښيږي اود How
often سوال
ته ځواب وايي لکه:
always, sometimes, usually,
often, seldom etc.
How often do you go to your village?
I go there once a week.
How often do you speak Pashto? I always speak Pashto.
e) Adverb of degree:-
explains the extent of adjective, verb or adverb.
قيد درجه:- د يو صفت، فعل يا قيد درجه يا اندازه
تشريح کوي.
لکه:
enough, almost, fairly,
completely, very etc.
He is very
intelligent. We completely finished the exam paper.
They almost arrived. You are fairly fast.
There are two kinds of prepositions.
A) Simple preposition
B) Compound preposition
a) Simple preposition:- is made
of a single word.
ساده حرف اضافه:- صرف
يو لغت وي لکه:
in, at, on,
to, beside, behind, above etc.
b)
Compound preposition:-
is made of two or more words.
مرکب حرف اضافه:- د
دوو يا زياتو لغاتونو څخه جوړشوى وي لکه:
due to, in front of, across
from, next to
The tree is in front of the
house.
Due to the difficult test, we
should try hard.
Suliman’s bicycle is next to
the wall.
There are three kinds of conjunctions.
a) Coordinating conjunction
b) Correlative conjunction
c) Subordinating conjunction
a) Coordinating conjunction:-connects
words or phrases that are
equal or similar in
structure.
برابروونکى حرف ربط:- هغه دى چې داسې کلمې يا
عبارتونه سره تړي چې په
جوړښت کې سره
مساوي يا يو شان وي لکه:
Book and notebook, father or mother, He goes and stops.
Tree or flower, nice but
small, He speaks fast and clearly.
b) Correlative
conjunction:-
connects words or phrases but they
(paired conjunction) are used in pairs.
موازي حرف ربط:- هغه دى چې لغاتونه يا
عبارتونه سره تړي، خو جوړه استعماليږي.
لکه:
Both………and whether……….or
Not only ….but also neither ………nor
Ex. Both the car and the truck are
here.
Not only Samim but also
Jalal is a student.
I don’t know whether to go or
to stay.
Neither Fahim nor Nesar
is a doctor.
c) Subordinating or opposite conjunction:-
connects two parts
of a
sentence that are different in structure.
متضاد حرف اضافه:- د يوې جملې هغه دوې برخې سره تړي چې په جوړښت کې سره مختلفې يا متضادې وي.
Examples: because, before,
after, if, until, since, unless, only if
I am sick because
I worked very hard.
He will go before
you come here.
Suliman
will meet Belal if he comes to class today.
You can learn English only if
you try hard.
TENSES
The word tense is taken from a
Latin word tempus which means tense.
د tenseکلمه د يوې لاتني کلمې tempus څخه اخيستل شوي ده چې د زمانې يا وخت په معنا ده.
Tense :- is the modification of an action in a time.
زمانه :- د يو عمل
څرګندول په يوه وخت کې د زمانې څخه عبارت ده.
Actually
there are three tenses, present, past and future
tense. Each tense is divided into four
categories as below.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple present
tense:-
expresses an activity or situation that
happens regularly or habitually.
١. حال ساده زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح کوي چې
په منظم ډول يا د عادت
په ډول يعنې اکثره وخت پيښيږي.
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative structure
Subject + verb(first form) + complement
تکميلوونکى +
د فعل اول حالت + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
Examples:
I drive a car.
We clean the
room (everyday).
He fixes the
bicycle.
She washes the
dish.
Helal works
on computer (every week).
 |
نوټ :- که چېرې فاعل غايب مفرد وي يعنې (he,she,it, singular noun)
وي
نو بيا د فعل سره (s) يا
(es)علاوه کيږي صرف په
مثبتو جملو کې لکه:
(washes,fixes,works)
He goes to school every morning.
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 |
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د حال ساده زمانې د منفي جملې جوړښت Negative structure
Subject + do not/does not + verb(first form) + complement
تکميلوونکى + د فعل اول حالت +
منفي کومکي فعل+ فاعل(کارکوونکى)
|
|||
 |
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نوټ - که چېرې حال ساده زمانه منفي ته اړوو،نو د (he,she,it,singular noun)
نه وروسته does not او د (I,we,you,they,plural nouns) نه وروسته do not استعماليږي او د فعل نه s اوes لېري کيږي لکه :
I do not drive a car.
We
don’t clean the
room everyday.
He does not fix the
bicycle every week.
She doesn’t wash
the dish.
Helal doesn’t work
on computer every time.
It doesn’t work well.
Question structure دحال ساده
زمانې دسواليې جملې جوړښت
Do/does + subject + verb(first form) +
complement
 |
نوټ :-
که چېرې حال ساده زمانه سواليې ته اړوو نو د (he,she,it,singular noun) نه مخکې does او د(I,we,you,they,plural nouns) نه مخکې do استعماليږي او د فعل
نه s او es لېري کيږي، لکه مخکنۍ مثبتې جملې څنگه په سواليه
بدلوو.
Do I drive a car?
Does We clean the
room everyday?
Does
He fix the bicycle
every week?
Does She wash the
dish?
Does Helal work
on computer every time?
Does it work well.
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منفي
سوال:
Negative question:
Do/does+’nt + subject + verb(first form) +
complement
Don’t you drive a car?
Don’t we clean the
room everyday?
Doesn’t he fix the
bicycle every week?
Doesn’t she wash the
dish?
Doesn’t Helal work
on computer every time?
Doesn’t it work well?
نوټ:- که چېرې
په منفي سواليه کې د don’t يا doesn’t پوره حالت
استعمالوۍ ،په دې حالت کې not د فاعل نه وروسته استعماليږي لکه:
Do you not drive a
car?
Do we not clean the
room everyday?
Does he not fix the bicycle
every week?
Does she not wash the
dish?
Does Helal not
work on computer?
Does it not work well?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې حال ساده مثبتې جملې منفي،
سوال او منفي سواليې ته په خپلو
کتابچو کې واړوۍ..
1.
He goes to school everyday.
2.
They play football in the yard.
3.
She cooks dinner on time .
4.
We live in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid learn the tenses very well.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
2. Present
continuous tense:- Expresses an activity or situation that is in
progress right now.
٢.حال
جاري زمانه:- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح کوي چې همدا
اوس جاري وي.
 |
 |
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative
structure
Subject + be(first form) +
verb(ing) + complement
تکميلوونکى+ فعل د ing سره + کومکي
فعل+ فاعل(کارکوونکى)
Ex.
I am driving a car.
We are cleaning the
room now.
He is fixing the
bicycle now.
She is
washing the dish.
Helal is
working on computer now.
It is working well.
نوټ :- په حال جاري زمانه کې کومکي فعل
يعنې ( am,is,are )
او د فعل
سره همېشه ( ing ) موجود وي.
) د حال جاري زمانې د منفي جملې جوړښت (Negative structure
Subject + be + not + verb(ing) + complement
تکميلوونکى
+ د فعل اول حالت + منفي کومکي فعل + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
 |
نوټ :- که چېرې حال جاري زمانه منفي ته اړوو
نو د ( is,am,are ) نه وروسته not استعماليږي
لکه :
I am not
driving a car.
We
are not cleaning the
room now.
He isn’t fixing the
bicycle now.
They aren’t washing the dish.
Helal isn’t
working on the computer.
 |
نوټ :-که
چيرې حال جاري زمانه سواليې ته اړوو نو صرف کومکي افعال يعنې (am,is,are) د فاعل نه مخکې کيږي لکه :-
Am I driving a car?
Are We
cleaning the room
now?
Is He fixing the
bicycle now?
Is She washing the
dish?
Is Helal working
on the computer?
) منفي سوال: (Negative
question:
Aren’t
I driving a car?
Aren’t We
cleaning the room
now?
Isn’t He fixing the
bicycle now?
Isn’t She washing the
dish?
Isn’t
Helal working on
computer?
نوټ :- دا چې د am not لنډ حالت نشته نو د هغې په ځاي په منفي
سوال
کې aren’tاستعماليږي. په پوره حالت کې not د فاعل نه وروسته
استعماليږي
لکه : Aren’t
I fixing the
car?
Am
I not driving a car?
Are We
not cleaning the
room now?
Is He not
fixing the bicycle
now?
Is She not
washing the dish?
Is Helal not
working on the computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې حال جاري جملې، منفي، سواليې او
منفي سواليې ته په خپلو
کتابچو کې واړوۍ..
1.
He is going to school now.
2.
They are playing football in the yard.
3.
She is cooking dinner now.
4.
We are living in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid are learning the tenses very well.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
3. Simple past
tense:- expresses an activity or situation that happened
in a specific
time in the past.
٣.
ساده تېره زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح کوي چې په تېره
زمانه کې په يوه
معلوم وخت کې پېښ شوى وي.
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative structure
Subject + verb ( second form ) + complement
تکميلوونکى + د فعل دوهم حالت + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
I drove a
car last Sunday.
We
cleaned the room
yesterday.
He fixed the
bicycle last week.
She washed the
dish.
Mr.Sediq worked on computer
2 days ago.
Negative examples: منفي
مثالونه:
نوټ :-
د تېرې زمانې په منفي حالت کې صرف د فاعل نه وروسته (did not)
علاوه
کيږي او د فعل دوهم حالت په اول حالت
بدليږي لکه :-
I
did not drive a
car.
We
didn’t clean the
room yesterday.
He did not fix the bicycle
last week.
She didn’t wash the
dish.
Helal didn’t work on
computer last month.
Question examples: دسواليي
مثالونه:
نوټ :-
د تېرې زمانې په سواليې حالت کې (did) د فاعل نه مخته اسعماليږي
او د فعل
دوهم حالت په اول حالت بدليږي لکه :-
Did
you drive a
car last Friday?
Did
we clean the
room yesterday?
Did he fix the bicycle
last week?
Did she wash the
dish?
Did Helal work on
computer last day?
منفي سوال: Negative
question:
Didn’t you drive a
car last Friday?
Didn’t
we clean the
room yesterday?
Didn’t he fix the bicycle
last week?
Didn’t she wash the
dish?
Didn’t Helal work on
computer last Friday?
*
په
پوره حالت کې همېشه not د
فاعل نه وروسته راځي لکه :-
Did you not drive a
car?
Did
we not clean the
room yesterday?
Did he not fix the bicycle
last week?
Did she not wash
the dish?
Did Helal
not work on
computer 2 days ago?
عملي
تمري
لاندې تېرې ساده جملې، منفي، سواليې او منفي سواليې ته په
خپلو
کتابچو کې واړوۍ..
1.
He went
to school yesterday.
2.
They played football
in the yard.
3. She cooked dinner
on time .
4.
We lived
in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid
learned the tenses
very well.
نوټ :-
که چېرې په جمله کې was او were موجود وي
بياdid
نه استعماليږي ، منفي
حالت په was not يا were not او سواليه په was او were سره جوړيږي لکه :-
Examples :
+ He was a
doctor.
- He was not
a doctor. Or (he wasn’t a
doctor.)
+? Was he
a doctor?
-? Wasn’t he a doctor?
+ They were teachers.
- They were not teachers. Or (they weren’t
teachers.)
+? Were they
teachers.
-? Weren’t they
teachers.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
4. Past continuous
tense:- Expresses an activity or situation that was
in
progress in the past.
٤. تېره جاري زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت
(حالت) تشريح کوي چې په
تېره زمانه کې جاري وي.
 |
 |
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative
structure
Subject +
be (past form)
+ verb (ing) + complement
تکميلوونکى + فعل د ing سره + کومکي
فعل + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
I was
driving a car.
We
were cleaning the
room yesterday.
He was
fixing the bicycle
last week.
She was washing the
dish.
Helal was working on
computer.
I
was fixing the
car when he
came to the
garage.
زه په
موټر لګيا وم
کله چې هغه
راغى. يعنې کله چې هغه
راورسېدو
زما کار جاري
وه .
fixing he came
now
Negative examples: منفي
مثالونه:
I wasn’t driving a
car.
We
weren’t cleaning the
room yesterday.
He wasn’t fixing the
bicycle last week.
She wasn’t washing the
dish.
Helal wasn’t working on
computer on Friday.
سواليي مثالونه : Question examples:
Was I driving a
car?
Were
we cleaning the
room yesterday?
Was he fixing the
bicycle last week?
Was she washing the
dish?
Were they working on
computer?
Short answers
Yes he
was or No
he wasn’t
Yes they
were or No they
weren’t
منفي
سوال: Negative question:
Wasn’t I driving a
car?
Weren’t
they cleaning the
room yesterday?
Wasn’t he
fixing the
bicycle last week?
OR
Was he
not fixing the
bicycle last week?
Was she
not washing the
dish?
Were they not
working on
computer?
Were you not
fixing the
bicycle?
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
5. Simple future tense:
- expresses an activity or situation that
happens after now (in the future).
٥.
ساده راتلونکي زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح کوي چې د
اوس څخه
وروسته (په راتلونکي زمانه کې) پېښږي.
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative structure
Subject + will/shall
+ verb ( base form ) + complement
تکميلوونکى + د فعل اساسي حالت +
کومکي فعل + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
نوټ :- په راتلونکي زمانه کې (shall) او (will)دواړه کومکي افعال
او په يوه معنْى دي خو صرف دا چې(shall) دI او weلپاره زياتره
استعماليږي او(will) د نورو
ضمايرو او اسمونولپاره لکه :
I shall drive a
car.
We
shall clean
the room tomorrow.
He will fix the bicycle
next week.
She will wash the
dish.
Helal will work on
computer.
Negative examples: منفي مثالونه:
I shall not
(shan’t) drive a
car.
We shall not (shan’t) clean
the room tomorrow.
He will
not (won’t) fix the
bicycle next week.
She will not
(won’t) wash the
dish.
Helal will not
(won’t) work on
computer.
سواليي مثالونه : Question examples:
Shall I drive a
car?
Shall we clean the
room tomorrow?
Will he fix the bicycle
next week?
Will she wash the
dish?
Will Helal
work on computer?
منفي سواليه: Negative question:
Shan’t I drive a
car?
Shan’t we clean the
room tomorrow?
Won’t he fix the bicycle
next week?
Won’t she wash the
dish?
Won’t Helal
work on computer ?
يا پوره حالت لکه:-
Shall I not
drive a car?
Shall we not
clean the room
tomorrow?
Will he not
fix the bicycle
next week?
Will she not
wash the dish?
Will Helal
not work on
computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې راتلونکي ساده جملې، منفي،
سواليې او منفي سواليې ته په
خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ.
1.
He will go to school tomorrow.
2.
They will play football in the yard.
3.
She will cook dinner on time .
4.
We shall live in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid will learn the tenses very well.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
6. Future continuous
tense:- expresses an activity or situation that
is in progress in the future.
٦.
ساده راتلونکي زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح کوي چې
په راتلونکي وخت کې جاري وي.
 |
 |
د مثبتې جملې
جوړښت Affirmative
structure
Subject + will/shall
be + verb ( ing )
+ complement
تکميلوونکى + د فعل جاري حالت +
کومکي فعل + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
I shall be
driving a car.
We
shall be cleaning the
room tomorrow.
He will be
fixing the bicycle
next week.
She will be
washing the dish.
Helal will be
working on computer.
He
will be
fixing the car
when you come
to the garage.
هغه به په موټرلگيا وي
کله چې ته راشې. يعنې کله چې ته راورسېږې
دده
کار به جاري وي.
 |
fixing you come
now
Negative examples: منفي
مثالونه:
I
shan’t be driving a
car.
We shall not be cleaning the
room tomorrow.
He won’t be
fixing the bicycle
next week.
She will not be
washing the dish.
Helal won’t be
working on computer.
Question examples:
سواليې مثالونه:
Shall I be
driving a car?
Shall We be
cleaning the room
tomorrow?
Will He be
fixing the bicycle
next week?
Will She
be washing the
dish?
Will Helal
be working on
computer?
منفي سواليه: Negative question:
Shan’t I be
driving a car?
Shan’t We be
cleaning the room
tomorrow?
Won’t He be
fixing the bicycle
next week?
OR
Will
She not be
washing the dish?
Will Helal not
be working on
computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې راتلونکي جاري زمانې جملې،
منفي، سواليې او منفي سواليې ته په
خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ .
1. He will be going to school.
2.
They will be playing football in the yard.
3. She will be cooking dinner on time .
4.
We will be living in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid will be learning the tenses very well.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
7.Present perfect tense:- Expresses an activity
or situation that happened
at an
unspecific time in the past.
٧.ماضي
قريبه زمانه يا تېره نږدې زمانه:- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح
کوي چې په تېره زمانه
کې په نا معلوم وخت کې پېښ شوى وي.
 |
 |
) د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative
structure (
Subject +
have/has + verb(p.p. form) + complement
تکميلوونکى+ د فعل دريم حالت +
کومکي فعل+ فاعل(کارکوونکى)
Examples:
I have driven a car.
We have
cleaned the
room.
They has
fixed the bicycle.
She has
washed the dish.
Helal has
worked on computer.
نوټ :-
په منفي حالت کې د have يا
has نه وروسته د not کلمه علاوه کوو لکه:-
I
have not driven a car.
We
haven’t cleaned the
room.
He has not fixed
the bicycle.
She hasn’t washed the
dish.
Helal hasn’t worked on
computer.
 |
نوټ :- د ماضي قريبې زمانې په سواليې حالت کې صرف has يا haveد جملې
په سر کې استعماليږي لکه
:-
Have you driven a car?
Have we
cleaned the room?
Has he fixed the bicycle?
Has she washed the
dish?
Has Helal worked on
computer?
منفي
سوال:
Negative question:
Havn’t you driven a car?
Haven’t we
cleaned the room?
Hasn’t he fixed the bicycle?
Hasn’t she washed the
dish?
* په پوره حالت همېشه not د فاعل نه وروسته
راځي لکه :-
Have I not driven a car?
Have we not
cleaned the room?
Has he not
fixed the bicycle?
Has she not
washed the dish?
Has Helal not
worked on computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې ماضي قريبې جملې، منفي، سواليې
او منفي سواليې ته په خپلو
کتابچو کې واړوۍ .
1.
He has gone to school .
2.
They have played football in the yard.
3.
She has cooked dinner .
4.
We have lived in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid have learned the tenses very well.
 |
نوټ :- ماضي قريبه زمانه درې حالتونه لري چې په لاندې ډول په
تفصيل
سره تشريح
کيږي.
١. ځينې وخت عمل مکمل شوى وي.
٢. ځينې وخت عمل څو ځلې تکرار شوى وي.
٣. ځينې وخت عمل تر اوسه جاري وي.
Three
forms of present perfect tense
In
present perfect tense the activity is occurred in three kind of
situations as bellow.
A. With already the action is
completed.
B. With several times, a
couple of times 3 times or etc. the
action is repeated.
C. With since and for
the action is continuous.
A. Present perfect tense with (already) shows an
action that began and
completed in the past.
١. په already سره هغه عمل ښايي چې
په نا معلوم وخت کې شروع او مکمل
شوى وي لکه :-
Mr.Nazif has already written the book of tenses.
We
have already cleaned the
room.
He has already fixed the bicycle.
She has already washed the
dish.
Helal has already worked on
computer.
I
have already cleaned the room.
Diagram
Cleaning
time finished time now
Past
future
B. Present perfect tense with words such as
(several times, many times,
a
couple of times, 2,3 times) shows the repetition of an action.
٢.
ماضي قريبه زمانه په پورتنيو کلمو سره هغه عمل تشريح کوي چې په تېره زمانه
کې څو ځلې تکرار شوى وي لکه :-
I have driven a car many times.
We
have cleaned the
room 2 times.
He has fixed the bicycle
several times.
She has washed the
dish a couple of times.
Helal has worked on
computer 4 times.
He has fixed the car several times.
Diagram
Fixing fixing fixing fixing now
C. Present perfect
tense with ( since and for )shows an action that began
in
the past and continues to the present.
٣. ماضي قريبه زمانه په (since)او (for)سره هغه عمل تشريح
کوي چې په تېره زمانه کې شروع او تر اوسه جاري وي .
Examples.
He has fixed the bicycle
since 2:00.
She has washed the
dish for 5 minutes.
Mr.Sharif has
worked in Afghan course since
1995.
We have
cleaned the room
for ten minutes.
cleaning room now
لنډ
مطلب:-
* که په کومه جمله کې ( already )موجود
وي عمل ختم شوى دى.
* که په کومه جمله کې ( several times, many times etc. )
موجود وي
عمل
تکرار شوى دى.
* که په کومه جمله کې(since) يا(for) موجود وي عمل تر اوسه جاري دى.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
8. Present perfect
progressive tense:- expresses the duration
of an
activity that is in progress until now.
٨.ماضي قريبه جاري زمانه :- د
يوه عمل د وخت موده تشريح کوي چې تر اوسه
پورې
جاري وي.
د
مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative
structure
Subject + have/has
+ been +
verb +ing + complement
تکميلوونکى+ فعل د(ing) سره + کومکي فعل + کومکي فعل + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
Ex: I
have been
driving a car for
a long time.
We
have been cleaning the
room since 2:00.
He has been
fixing the bicycle.
She has been
washing the dish.
Mr.Nekmal has been
teaching at Shaikh Zayed university.
Negative examples:-
I have not been
driving a car for a
long time.
We
haven’t been cleaning the
room since 1:00.
He hasn’t been
fixing the bicycle.
Question
examples:-
Have you been
driving a car ?
Have
they been
cleaning the room ?
Has he
been fixing the bicycle ?
Has she been
washing the dish ?
منفي سواليه: Negative question:
Haven’t
you been driving a car for one year?
Haven’t
they been cleaning the
room since 2:00?
Hasn’t he
been fixing the bicycle ?
Hasn’t she been
washing the dish ?
يا پوره حالت لکه :-
Have you not
been driving a car ?
Have
they not been
cleaning the room ?
Has he
not been fixing the bicycle ?
Has she not
been washing the
dish ?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې ماضي قريبې جاري جملې، منفي،
سواليې او منفي سواليې ته په
خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ..
1.
He has been going to school for 2 years.
2.
They have been playing football in the yard since 2:00.
3.
She has been cooking dinner for two hours.
4.
Zahidullah have been living in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid have been learning the tenses very well.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
9.
Past perfect tense :- Expresses an activity or situation that was
completed before another action in the past.
٩ . ماضي بعيده زمانه يا تېره لرې زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت)
تشريح کوي چې په تېر وخت کې د يوه بل عمل نه
مخکې
مکمل شوى وي.
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative
structure
Subject +
had + verb (third form) + complement
تکميلوونکى + د فعل دريم حالت + کومکي
فعل + فاعل(کارکوونکى)
I had driven a
car.
We
had cleaned the
room.
He had fixed the
bicycle.
She had washed the
dish.
Helal had worked on
computer.
I had
fixed the car
when he came
to the garage.
ما موټر
جوړ کړى وو کله چې
هغه راغى. يعنې کله چې هغه راورسېدو،
زما کار مکمل شوى
وه .
fixing he came
now
Negative examples:
منفي
مثالونه:
I hadn’t driven a
car.
We
hadn’t cleaned the
room .
He hadn’t fixed
the bicycle.
She hadn’t washed the
dish.
Helal hadn’t worked on
computer.
سواليې مثالونه : Question examples:
Had you driven a car?
Had we cleaned the
room?
Had he fixed the bicycle?
Had she washed the
dish?
Had Helal worked on
computer?
Short answers
Yes
he had. or No he
hadn’t.
Yes
they had. or No they
hadn’t.
منفي سواليه: Negative question:
Hadn’t you driven a car?
Hadn’t we cleaned the
room?
OR
Had he not
fixed the bicycle?
Had she not washed the
dish?
Had Helal not
worked on computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې ماضي بعيدې جملې، منفي، سواليې
او منفي سواليې ته په
خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ.
1.
He had gone to school.
2.
They had played football in the yard.
3.
She had cooked dinner on time.
4.
We had lived in Khost city.
5.
Farhad and Basir had attended the E. course together.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
10. Past perfect
progressive tense: - Expresses an activity or situation
that was in
progress before another action in
the past.
١٠ . ماضي بعيده جاري زمانه يا تېره لرې جاري
زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا
وضيعت (حالت) تشريح کوي چې په تېره زمانه کې
د يوه بل عمل نه
مخکې
جاري وي.
 |
 |
د مثبتې جملې جوړښت Affirmative structure
Subject +
had + been
+ verb ( ing ) + complement
تکميلوونکى + فعل ing سره + کومکي
فعل +
فاعل(کارکوونکى)
I had been
driving a car.
We
had been cleaning the
room.
He had been
fixing the bicycle.
She had been
washing the dish.
Atiqullah had been working very hard in this E. center.
I
had been fixing
the car when he
came to the
garage.
زه په
موټر لګيا شوي وم کله چې هغه
راغى. يعنې کله چې هغه راورسېدو
تر هغې پورې زه په موټر لګيا وم.
fixing he came
now
Negative examples: منفي مثالونه:
I hadn’t been
driving a car.
We
hadn’t been cleaning the
room .
He
hadn’t been fixing the
bicycle.
She hadn’t been
washing the dish.
Helal hadn’t been
working on computer.
سواليې مثالونه
: Question examples:
Had you been
driving a car?
Had we
been cleaning the
room?
Had he been fixing the bicycle?
Had she been
washing the dish?
Had Helal been
working on computer?
Short answers
Yes, he had
or No,
he hadn’t
Yes, they had
or No, they
hadn’t
منفي سواليه: Negative
question:
Hadn’t you been
driving a car?
Hadn’t we
been cleaning the
room ?
Hadn’t he been fixing the bicycle?
OR
Had she not
been washing the
dish?
Had Helal not
been working on
computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې ماضي بعيدې جاري جملې، منفي، سواليې او منفي
سواليې ته په خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ.
1.
He had been going to school.
2.
They had been playing football in the yard.
3.
She had been cooking dinner.
4.
Sharifullah had been living in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid had been learning the tenses very well.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
11. Future perfect
tense:- Expresses an activity or situation that
is
completed
before another action in the future.
١١
. راتلونکي مکمله زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح
کوي
چې
په راتلونکي زمانه کې د يوه بل عمل نه مخکې مکمل شوى وي.
I
will have driven a car.
We
will have cleaned the
room.
He will have
fixed the bicycle.
She will have
washed the
dish.
Helal will have
worked on computer.
He
will have fixed
the car when
you come to
the garage.
هغه به موټرجوړکړى وي
کله چې ته راشې. يعنې کله چې ته راورسېږې
هغه
به کار مکمل کړى وي.
 |
fixing you come
now
Negative examples: منفي
مثالونه:
I won’t have
driven a car.
We
won’t have cleaned the
room.
He won’t have
fixed the bicycle.
She won’t have
washed the dish.
Helal
won’t have worked on
computer.
سواليې مثالونه : Question examples:
Will you have driven a
car?
Will we
have cleaned the
room?
Will he have fixed the bicycle?
Will she have washed the
dish?
Will Helal have worked on
computer?
منفي سواليه: Negative question:
Won’t you have driven a
car?
Won’t
we have
cleaned the room?
Won’t he have fixed the bicycle?
Won’t she have washed the
dish?
Won’t Helal have
worked on
computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې راتلونکي مکملې زمانې جملې، منفي،
سواليې او منفي سواليې ته
په خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ.
1.
He will have gone to school next week.
2.
They will have played football in the yard.
3.
She will have cooked dinner on time .
4.
We will have lived in Khost city.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid will have learned the tenses very well.
FUTURE PERFECT PRORESSIVE TENSE
12. Future perfect progressive
tense:- Expresses an activity or situation
that is in progress
before another action in the future.
١٢. راتلونکي مکمله جاري زمانه :- هغه فعاليت (کار) يا وضيعت (حالت) تشريح
کوي چې په راتلونکي زمانه کې د يوه
بل عمل نه مخکې جاري وي.
I will
have been driving a car.
We
will have been
cleaning the room.
He will have
been fixing the bicycle.
She will have
been washing the
dish.
Helal will have
been working on
computer.
He will have been fixing the car
when you come to the garage.
هغه به په موټرجوړولو لګيا شوي وي کله چې
ته راشې. يعنې کله چې ته
راورسېږې دهغه کار به جاري وي.
 |
fixing you come
now
Negative examples: منفي مثالونه:
I won’t have
been driving a car.
We won’t have
been cleaning the
room.
He won’t have
been fixing the bicycle.
She won’t have
been washing the
dish.
Helal won’t have
been working on
computer.
سواليې مثالونه : Question
examples:
Will you have
been driving a car?
Will we have
been cleaning the
room?
Will he have
been fixing the bicycle?
Will she
have been washing the
dish?
Will Helal have
been working on
computer?
منفي سواليه: Negative
question:
Won’t you have
been driving a car?
Won’t we have
been cleaning the
room?
Won’t he have
been fixing the bicycle?
Won’t she have
been washing the
dish?
Won’t Helal have
been working on
computer?
عملي
تمرين
لاندې راتلونکي
مکملې جاري زمانې جملې، منفي، سواليې او منفي سواليې ته په خپلو کتابچو کې واړوۍ.
1.
He will have been going to school next week.
2.
They will have been playing football in the yard.
3. She will have been cooking dinner.
4. Mr.Mamoor will have been teaching intensive class.
5.
Rafiq and Omaid will have been learning the tenses very well.
Bellow is the summery of one
example from each tense.
1. He helps poor people every time. (simple present tense)
2.
He
is helping poor people now. (present
continuous tense)
3.
He
helped poor people last week. (simple
past tense)
4.
He was
helping poor people. (past
continuous tense)
5.
He
will help poor people next month.(simple future tense)
6.
He
will be helping them next year. (future
continuous tense)
7.
He
has helped them many times. (present
perfect)
8.
He
has been helping them since 1992.(present perf.progressive)
9.
He
had helped poor people. (past
perfect tense)
10.
He
had been helping them. (past
perfect progressive)
11.
He
will have helped poor people. (future
perfect tense)
12.
He
will have been helping them. (future
perfect progressive)
* Practice making many examples from
yourselves in each tense by looking at the above samples.
PLURALS
We
have two kinds of plurals.
a.
Regular plural:- the noun that
adds s or es in plural form.
b. Irregular plural:- the noun that doesn’t have
any rule for
plural form.
ا. قاعده لرونکى جمع:-
هغه جمعې ته وايي چې په آخر د اسم کې
علاوه کيږي. es يا s
} ب. بې قاعدې جمع:- هغه جمعې ته وايي چې د جمعې لپاره کومه
طريقه
نه لري.
نوټ:- د هغه اسمونو په آخر کې چې لاندې شپږ
آوازونه موجود وي، د جمع په حالت کې es علاوه کېږي
لکه په لاندې مثالونو کې.
/ s / bus buses – glass,
glasses
/sh/ brush,
brushes – dish, dishes
/ch/ bench,
benches – watch, watches
/ x / box, boxes – fox,
foxes
/ z / quiz, quizzes – buzz,
buzzes
/ o / tomato, tomatoes – potato,
potatoes
نوټ:- که چېرې د کوم اسم په
آخر کې د o نه
مخکې د vowelحرف راشي،
بيا د جمع په حالت کې صرف s علاوه کيږي لکه:-
Radio,
radios – studio, studios
نوټ:- د هغې اسمونو په
آخر کې چې پورتني شپږ آوازنونه نه وي راغلې،
د جمع په حالت کې صرف s علاوه کيږي، خو پدي حالت کې که
چېرې د اسم د آخر کې د /p/-/t/-/k/-/f/-/th/ آوازنه موجود وي بيا
s په س تلفظ کيږي او
که نه په ز تلفظ کيږي لکه:-
/ p / Map, maps
/ t / Cat, cats
/
k / Book, books
/ f / Roof, roofs
/ th / Month, months
دلته s په س تلفظ کيږي.
او په لاندې مثالونو کې s په ز تلفظ
کيږي لکه:-
Pen, pens – pencil, pencils – fan, fans – car,
cars
Comparative and superlative
forms of adjectives
An adjective has three degrees.
1. Positive form ساده حالت
-
2. Comparative formمقايسوي حالت -
3. Superlative formعالي حالت -
1. Positive
form is the simple form of adjective used to explain a
noun or pronoun.
مثبت يا ساده حالت هغه دى چې يو اسم يا
ضمير په عادي ډول تشريح کوي.
Examples:- The
class is small.
The
tree is tall.
My
pen is big.
2.
Comparative form is the form used to show the higher or
lower degree or quality of adjective.
* We use comparative form to compare two
things or groups.
مقايسوي حالت هغه حالت دى چې د صفت لوړه
يا ټيټه درجه يا خواص ښايي.
Examples:- This class is smaller than that
class.
The
tree is taller than the wall.
My
pen is bigger than your pen.
Corel
draw is more interesting the excel.
He
is more intelligent than his brother.
* How to change adjective to comparative
form.
a.
With one syllable adjectives we add er at the end.
Tall-taller clean-cleaner sad-sader
b. The adjectives that end in one vowel and
one consonant,
double the last consonant and add
er.
Big-biger fat-fater hot-hoter
c.
With two syllable adjectives ending in y, change y into i and
add er.
Heavy-heavier pretty-prettier busy-busier
d. With
more than one syllable adjectives, we add more at the
beginning of adjective.
Excellent-more excellent interesting-more interesting
e.
Some two syllable adjectives can take either er or more
in
comparative form.
Polite-politer
or more polite
Clever-cleverer
or more clever
Friendly-friendlier or
more friendly
Other examples are pleasant, common, simple,
quiet
Handsome, cruel,
narrow etc.
f.
A few adjectives have irregular comparative forms.
Good-better bad-worse far-farther
3. Superlative
form is the form used to show the highest or
lowest degree or quality of adjective.
عالي حالت هغه حالت دى چې د صفت لوړترينه
يا ټيټ ترينه درجه يا
خواص ښايي.
* We use superlative form to compare one thing
or group with many.
Examples:- Naimullah is tallest in the village.
Intensive class is most interesting in
the E. course.
* How to change adjective to superlative form.
a.
With one syllable adjectives we add est at the end.
Tall-tallest clean-cleanest sad-sadest
b. The adjectives that end in one vowel and
one consonant,
double the last consonant and add
est.
Big-bigest fat-fatest hot-hotest
c.
With two syllable adjectives ending in y, change y into i and
add est. Heavy-heaviest
/
pretty-prettiest / busy-busiest
d. With
more than one syllable adjectives, we add most at the
beginning of adjective.
Excellent-most
excellent / interesting-most interesting
e. Some two syllable adjectives can take
either est or most in
superlative form.
Polite-politest or most polite
Clever-cleverest
or most clever
Friendly-friendliest or
most friendly
Other examples are pleasant,
common, simple, quiet
Handsome, cruel,
narrow etc.
f.
A few adjectives have irregular
superlative forms.
Good-best bad-worst far-farthest
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
1. Regular verb:- is the verb that has a special rule for second
and
third forms. (
Both end with ed )
The ed has three kinds of
pronunciation. /t/ /d/ /ed/
1.
ed = /t/ If there is one of the following six
sounds at the end
of the verb, the ed
is pronounced as /t/ sound.
/s/ missed sliced
kissed
/t/ /t/ /t/
/sh/ washed
brushed finished
/ch/ watched matched searched
/x/ fixed mixed relaxed
/p/ slapped hoped slipped
/k/ walked kicked worked
/f/ laughed
/t/ coughed
2. ed = /ed/ If there is /t/ or /d/ sound at the end of a verb,
ed is pronounced as /ed/ sound.
Needed attended added
/ed/ /ed/ /ed/
Wanted graduated started
3. ed = /d/ If there is any of the sounds without the
above 9 sounds at the end of a verb, ed
is pronounced as /d/.
called served cleaned
/d/ /d/ /d/
2. Irregular verb:- is the
verb that doesn’t have any rule for the
second and third form. They are stated in
six groups.
a. In
some, all three forms are the same.
Fit fit fit
Cut cut cut
b. In
some, all three forms are different.
See saw seen
Write
wrote written
c. In
some, the last two forms are the same, the first is different.
Sell sold sold
Make
made made
d. In
some, the first and third forms are the same.
Come came come
Become
became become
f. In
some, the spell is the same but pronunciation is
different.
Read read read
g. In
some, the second and third forms take ught.
Buy bought bought
Fight fought fought
CLAUSE فقره -
Clause: -is
a group of words which has subject and verb.
فقره :- يو گروپ د لغاتونو
چې فاعل او فعل ولري فقره بلل کيږي.
Note:- Clause is divided into two groups.
Main clause and
subordinate clause.
Main clause (independent clause):-
is the clause which has
complete
meaning without another clause.
اصلي فقره يا مستقله فقره:- هغه ده چې بغير د
بلې فقرې نه پخپله پوره معنى
ولري
لکه:-
I came here. Or I
go to Kabul.
Subordinate clause (dependant
clause):-is the clause which does
not have complete
meaning. It needs another clause.
فرعي فقره يا تړلي فقره:- هغه ده چې پخپله پوره
معنى نه لري ، بلې فقرې ته
ضرورت لري لکه:-
When I came here, ………………….
If I go
to Kabul, ……………………. .
While he was driving the bus, he
met his friend.
subordinate
clause (incomplete meaning) main clause (complete
meaning)
There was no one in class when I came at 1:00pm yesterday.
main clause (complete
meaning) subordinate
clause (incomplete meaning)
Phrase:- is
a group of related words that does not have subject and
verb.
عبارت:- يو گروپ د ارتباتي لغاتونو دى چې فاعل او فعل
و نلري.
Examples: a big car, on the table, going to school,
عبارتي فعل PHRASAL VERB -
Verb
plus preposition which has a special meaning is called
phrasal verb.
فعل جمع حرف اضافه کوم چې يوه خاصه معنى
ولري، عبارتي فعل بلل کيږي.
Note:- Phrasal verbs are divided
into two groups.
a. separable phrasal verb جدا کېدونکي عبارتي
افعال -
b. inseparable phrasal verb نه جدا کېدونکي عبارتي
افعال -
a. Separable phrasal verbs:-
are the verbs that can be separated
into two parts, we can use noun or pronoun
between verb
and preposition.
جدا کېدونکي عبارتي
افعال هغه دي چې جدا کېداي شي ، د فعل
اوحرف اضافه په منځ کې اسم يا ضمير
استعمالولاي شو لکه:-
Fill
in the blanks. Fill
the blanks in.
Bring
back my bicycle. Bring it back.
Cheer
up the baby. Cheer
the baby up.
b. Inseparable phrasal verbs:-
are the verbs which can not be
separated. Verb and preposition should be used side by side.
نه جدا کېدونکي عبارتي افعال هغه دي چې جدا کېداي نشي، فعل
اوحرف اضافه بايد څنگ په څنگ استعمال
شي لکه:-
Act
up The children acted up
yesterday.
Break
down My car broke down on the
way.
Drop
out I want to drop out of
school.
ACTIVE
VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Active voice: - is the
sentence in which the subject performs an action.
فعال غږ:- هغه جمله ده چې په هغې کې فاعل يو عمل
اجرا کوي لکه:-
They
clean the kitchen.
نوټ:- پدې جمله کې
فاعل they
دى چې پاکول کوي.
Passive voice: - is the sentence
in which the subject receives an action
or something is
happened to the subject.
غير فعال غږ:- هغه
جمله ده چې په هغې کې فاعل عمل تر لاسه کوي يا
په هغې باندې کار کيږي (فاعل پخپله غير
فعال وي) لکه:-
They
are given some gifts.
The
room is painted.
نوټ:- په پورته جمله کې they چې فاعل دى ، پخپله فعاليت نه کوي
بلکې بل څوک هغې ته فعاليت
کوي.
Here are the steps how to change active
into passive.
1.
The object of active becomes the subject of passive.
2.
Use the tense formula.
3.
The subject of active becomes the by phrase of passive.
Example:-
He cleans the
room.
sub verb obj
The room is cleaned by
him.
sub be1 + v3 by phrase
Active Passive
Tense Formula
Simple
present tense ( be1 + V3
)
He fixes the car everyday. The
car is fixed by him everyday.
Present
continuous tense ( be1 +being+ V3
)
He is fixing the car at home. The
car is being fixed at home by him.
Simple
past tense ( be2 + V3
)
He fixed the car. The car was fixed by him.
Past
continuous tense ( be2 + being+V3
)
He was fixing the car. The car was being fixed by
him.
Simple
future tense ( will be + V3
)
He will fix the car. The car will be fixed by him.
Present
perfect tense ( have/has been + V3
)
He has fixed the car. The car has been fixed
by him.
Past
perfect tense ( had been + V3
)
He had fixed the car. The car had been fixed by
him.
Future
perfect tense ( will+have+been + V3
)
He will have fixed the car. The car will have been fixed by him.
Note:- In passive voice, for each tense, the
third form of verb should
be used.
EXERCISES
Change the following
sentences into passive according to the
formulas and examples.
1. He washes the
bicycle.
2. They are playing football
in the ground.
3. We cleaned the living
room yesterday.
4. Samim was writing
homework.
5. You will study
English in AF.E.L center.
6. Jalal has learned
computer.
7. She had cooked
dinner.
8. Suliman will have
recited the Holy Quran.
9. He eats lunch
everyday.
10. She was helping the
patients.
11. The students studied
the key of tenses.
12. Nesar was drinking the
milk tea.
13. They will build a new
house.
14. Fahim has finished
the book of tenses.
15. I had cancelled the
plan.
16. Rafiq and Omaid were
watching the game.
17. The doctor has
examined me yesterday.
18. The children have
broken the big glass.
19. We will hang a nice
picture on the wall.
20. He doesn’t help me.
21. The teacher hired his
friend for the new job.
22. I had found some
money on the road.
23. He was selling his
old car.
24. They are trying the sauce
now.
25. The mechanic will
have fixed the generator.
Quoted speech and
Reported speech
Quoted speech (direct speech):- is
to repeat or restate the exact
words said or written by someone.
نقل شوي يا (مستقيمه) خبره:- د
يو چا خبره په دقيق ډول(بغير د کوم تغير
څخه)
بل چا ته نقل کولو ته وايي.
Note:- In quoted speech we use quotation marks. “
”
Reported
speech
(indirect speech):- is to restate or reproduce just
the idea of someone’s words.(not
all the exact words)
راپورشوي يا ( غيرمستقيمه)
خبره:- د يو چا د خبرو صرف د مطلب بيانولو
ته
وايي. ( نه لغت په لغت)
Note: - In reported speech we do not
use quotation marks.
In reported speech (pronouns,
tense and time expression
may be changed as in the
following examples.
(Simple present changes to simple past tense)
Samim said “I go to school.”
Samim said that he went to school.
(Present
continuous changes to past continuous)
Fahim said “we are playing the game now”.
Fahim said that they were playing the game that
time.
(Simple
past tense changes to past perfect)
Jalal said “you went to Kabul last week”.
Jalal said that I had gone to Kabul the previous
week.
(Past
continuous changes to past perfect continuous)
Nesar said “they were studying English at home”.
Nesar said that you had been studying E. at home.
(Preset
perfect changes to past perfect)
Helal said “he has taught his class”.
Helal said that you had taught your class.
(will
changes to would)
Omaid said “she will cook lunch next week”.
Omaid said that you would cook lunch the
following week.
Suliman said “I can drive a car”.
Suliman said that he could drive a car.
Can changes to could shall changes to should
Must changes to had to may changes to might
Should
(no change) ought to (no change)
Quoted
speech and Reported
speech
Note: - In
immediate report the tense and time expression are not changed.
Only
pronouns are changed as bellow.
Belal said “I am swimming in the pool”.
Belal said that he is swimming in the pool.(tense
no change)
Samim said “We went to Afghan E.L. center on time
yesterday”.
Samim said that they went to A.E.L.C on time
yesterday.
Fahim said “My father
was working in the hospital”
F. said that his father was working in the
hospital. (tense no change)
Note:- If
the main verb is first form for example say,
again tense is not
changed,
only pronouns are changed.
Nesar says “I wake up at
4:00 every morning”.
N. says that he wakes up at 4:00
every morning. (tense no change)
Jalal says “they have
learned Pashto”.
Jalal says that you have learned
Pashto. (tense no change)
Suhail says “we will come on time
tomorrow”.
Suhail says that they will come
on time tomorrow.(tense no change)
Reported speech in question
Note:- In question, instead of said that we use asked
if.
Jamal said “Do
you speak English?”
Jamal asked if I spoke
English.
Helal said
“Did he come to class yesterday?”
Helal asked if you had come to
class the previous day.
Samim said “Can
you learn the key of tenses?”
Samim asked (me) if I could learn
the key of tenses.
Note:-
In wh question,
instead of if we use the wh question word.
Fahim said
“Where do you live?”
Fahim asked (me) where I lived.
Nesar said “When
did you graduate from high school?”
Nesar asked when I had graduated
from high school.
Suliman said
“when has he returned home?”
Suliman asked when you had
returned home.
Or
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السلام علیکم ورحمة الله وبرکاته
ښه انسان د ښو اعمالو په وجه پېژندلې شې کنه ښې خبرې خو بد خلک هم کوې
لوستونکودفائدې لپاره تاسوهم خپل ملګروسره معلومات نظراو تجربه شریک کړئ
خپل نوم ، ايمل ادرس ، عنوان ، د اوسيدو ځای او خپله پوښتنه وليکئ
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کلیک کړې
سائیٹ پر آنے والے معزز مہمانوں کو خوش آمدید.